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Subfamily of fishes

Grouper
Epinephelus malabaricus.jpg
Malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus
Scientific nomenclature e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Gild: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Epinephelinae
Bleeker, 1874[1]
Tribes and genera

See text

Groupers are fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, in the order Perciformes.

Not all serranids are called "groupers"; the family unit also includes the ocean basses. The common name "grouper" is commonly given to fish in 1 of two large genera: Epinephelus and Mycteroperca. In addition, the species classified in the pocket-size genera Anyperidon, Cromileptes, Dermatolepis, Graciela, Saloptia, and Triso are too chosen "groupers". Fish in the genus Plectropomus are referred to as "coral groupers". These genera are all classified in the subfamily Epiphelinae. However, some of the hamlets (genus Alphestes), the hinds (genus Cephalopholis), the lyretails (genus Variola) and some other pocket-size genera (Gonioplectrus, Niphon, Paranthias) are besides in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the discussion "grouper". Nonetheless, the discussion "grouper" on its ain is usually taken every bit pregnant the subfamily Epinephelinae.

Clarification [edit]

Groupers are teleosts, typically having a stout body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance, fast pond. They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and the largest is the Atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) which has been weighed at 399 kilograms (880 pounds) and a length of 2.43 m (7 ft 11+ 1⁄two  in),[ii] though in such a large group, species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off information technology. They do non have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy burdensome tooth plates inside the pharynx. They habitually consume fish, octopuses, and crustaceans. Some species prefer to ambush their casualty, while other species are active predators. Reports of fatal attacks on humans by the largest species, such equally the behemothic grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) are unconfirmed.[3]

Their mouths and gills form a powerful vacuum which pulls their casualty in from a altitude. They also employ their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills.[ commendation needed ]

Research indicates roving coralgroupers (Plectropomus pessuliferus) sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting.[4] Groupers are also one of the but animals that swallow invasive red lionfish.[v]

Systematics [edit]

Etymology [edit]

The word "grouper" is from the Portuguese proper noun, garoupa, which has been speculated to come from an indigenous Due south American linguistic communication.[6] [7]

In Australia, "groper" is used instead of "grouper" for several species, such as the Queensland grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). In New Zealand, "groper" refers to a type of wreckfish, Polyprion oxygeneios, which goes past the Māori proper name hāpuku.[8] In the Philippines, groupers are by and large known as lapu-lapu in Luzon, while in the Visayas and Mindanao they are known as pugapo.[9] [10] In the Middle East, the fish is known as 'hammour', and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region.[xi] [12] In Latin America, the fish is known as 'mero'.

The species in the tribes Grammistini and Diploprionini secrete a mucus-like toxin in their skin called grammistin and when they are confined in a restricted space and subjected to stress the mucus produces a foam which is toxic to nearby fish, these fishes are often called soapfishes. They accept been classified either as their ain families or within subfamilies,[13] although they are classified by the 5th Edition of the Fishes of the World classifies these two groups as tribes within the subfamily Epinephelinae.[14]

Classification [edit]

According to the 5th edition of Fishes of the World the subfamily is divided upward into 5 tribes containing a total of 32 genera and 234 species.[14] [15]

Subfamily Epinephelinae Bleeker, 1874 (groupers)[one]

  • Tribe Niphonini D.S. Jordan, 1923
    • Niphon Cuvier, 1828
  • Tribe Epinephelini Bleeker, 1874 [one]
    • Aethaloperca Fowler, 1904
    • Alphestes Bloch & Schneider, 1801
    • Anyperodon Günther, 1859
    • Cephalopholis Bloch & Schneider, 1801
    • Chromileptes Swainson, 1839
    • Dermatolepis Gill, 1861
    • Epinephelus Bloch, 1793
    • Gonioplectrus Gill, 1862
    • Gracila Randall, 1964
    • Hyporthodus Gill, 1861
    • Mycteroperca Gill, 1862
    • Paranthias Guichenot, 1868
    • Plectropomus Pken, 1817
    • Saloptia J.Fifty.B. Smith, 1964
    • Triso Randall, Johnson & Lowe, 1989
    • Variola Swainson, 1839
  • Tribe Diploprionini Bleeker, 1874 [ane]
    • Aulacocephalus Temminck & Schlegel, 1843
    • Belonoperca Fowler & B.A. Edible bean, 1930
    • Diploprion Cuvier, 1828 [1]
  • Tribe Liopropomini Poey, 1867
    • Bathyanthias Günther, 1880
    • Liopropoma Gill, 1861
    • Rainfordia McCulloch, 1923
  • Tribe Grammistini Bleeker, 1857
    • Aporops Schultz, 1943
    • Grammistes Bloch & Schneider, 1801
    • Grammistops Schultz 1953
    • Jeboehlkia Robins, 1967
    • Pogonoperca Günther 1859
    • Pseudogramma Bleeker, 1875
    • Rypticus Cuvier, 1829
    • Suttonia J.L.B. Smith, 1953

Reproduction [edit]

Groupers are mostly monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, i.east. they mature only as females and accept the ability to change sexual activity after sexual maturity.[16] [17] Some species of groupers grow about a kilogram per year and are generally boyish until they reach three kilograms when they become female. The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females.[16] [18] Groupers often pair spawn, which enables big males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing.[16] [nineteen] [xx] [21] As such, if a small female person grouper were to change sexual activity before it could command a harem as a male person, its fitness would decrease.[19] [20] [21] If no male person is bachelor, the largest female that tin can increase fitness past changing sex activity will do and so.[twenty]

Notwithstanding, some groupers are gonochoristic.[16] Gonochorism, or a reproductive strategy with two singled-out sexes, has evolved independently in groupers at to the lowest degree five times.[sixteen] The evolution of gonochorism is linked to grouping spawning high amounts of habitat embrace.[xvi] [20] [22] Both group spawning and habitat cover increase the likelihood of a smaller male reproducing in the presence of large males. Fettle of male person groupers in environments where competitive exclusion of smaller males is non possible is correlated with sperm production and thus testicle size.[18] [20] [23] Gonochoristic groupers have larger testes than protogynous groupers (ten% of body mass compared to 1% of torso mass), indicating the evolution of gonochorism increased male person grouper fitness in environments where large males were unable to competitively exclude pocket-sized males from reproducing.[18]

Parasites [edit]

Similar other fish, groupers harbor parasites, including digeneans,[24] nematodes, cestodes, monogeneans, isopods, and copepods. A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef-associated groupers have about x species of parasites per fish species.[25] Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, monogeneans of the family Diplectanidae are typical of and specially numerous on groupers.[ commendation needed ]

Mod utilise [edit]

Many groupers are important food fish, and some of them are at present farmed. Unlike most other fish species which are chilled or frozen, groupers are usually sold live in markets.[26] Many species are popular game fish for bounding main-angling. Some species are small enough to exist kept in aquaria, though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly.[ citation needed ]

Groupers are normally reported as a source of Ciguatera fish poisoning. DNA barcoding of grouper species might help in controlling Ciguatera fish poisoning since fish are easily identified, fifty-fifty from meal remnants, with molecular tools.[27]

Size [edit]

Malaysian newspaper The Star reported a 180 kg (400 lb) grouper being caught off the waters about Pulau Sembilan in the Strait of Malacca in Jan 2008.[28] Shenzhen News in Red china reported that a 1.8 m (six ft) grouper swallowed a 1.0 m (3 ft three in) whitetip reef shark at the Fuzhou Ocean World aquarium.[29]

In September 2010, a Costa Rican paper reported a 2.three m (seven ft 7 in) grouper in Cieneguita, Limón. The weight of the fish was 250 kg (550 lb) and it was lured using one kilogram of allurement.[xxx] In November 2013, a 310 kg (680 lb) grouper had been caught and sold to a hotel in Dongyuan, China.[31]

In August 2014, off Bonita Springs in Florida (U.s.), a big grouper took in one gulp a four-pes shark which an angler had caught.[32] [33]

See also [edit]

  • Dusky grouper

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d east Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (two): 001–230. doi:x.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.i. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ Robert H. Robins. "Epinephelus itajara". Discover Fish. Florida Museum. Retrieved eight June 2020.
  3. ^ Lieske, E.; Myers, R. (1999). Coral Reef Fishes (ii ed.). ISBN0-691-02659-9.
  4. ^ Bshary, Redouan; Hohner, Andrea; Ait-El-Djoudi, Karim; Fricke, Hans (2006). "Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Behemothic Moray Eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biology. Biological science.plosjournals.org. 4 (12): e431. doi:x.1371/periodical.pbio.0040431. PMC1750927. PMID 17147471. S2CID 14006488.
  5. ^ "Study reveals grouper can help control lionfish invasion". Biological science.plosjournals.org. 2011.
  6. ^ "southward.v. (?)". Oxford English Dictionary.
  7. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  8. ^ "Littoral fish - Hāpuku - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  9. ^ Kohno, Hiroshi (1988). "State of grouper (lapu-lapu) civilization in the Philippines" (PDF). SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture. 10 (ii): four–9.
  10. ^ Eslao-Alix, Louella (ane September 2019). "From Pugapo to Lapu-lapu". Cebu Daily News . Retrieved eleven Feb 2021.
  11. ^ "Food and Drink – Local Dishes". UAE Interact. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 12 Baronial 2011.
  12. ^ Carrington, Daisy (19 January 2009). "Treatment hammour". Time Out Abu Dhabi. Retrieved 12 Baronial 2011.
  13. ^ John E. Randall; Kasumi Aida; Takashi Hibiya; Nobuhiro Mitsuura; Hisao Kamiya & Yoshiri Hashimoto (1971). "Grammistin, the peel toxin of soapfishes, and it significance in the classification of the Grammistidae" (PDF). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. XIX (two/3): 157–190.
  14. ^ a b J. Due south. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. 5. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 446–448. ISBN978-1-118-34233-six.
  15. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Epinephelinae". Itemize of Fishes. California University of Sciences. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d east f Erisman, B. E., M. T. Craig, and P. A. Hastings. 2009. A phylogenetic test of the size-reward model: Evolutionary changes in mating behavior influence the loss of sex change in a fish lineage. American Naturalist 174:83-99.
  17. ^ DeMartini, Eastward. E., A. R. Everson and R. S. Nichols. 2011. Estimates of body sizes at maturation and sexual activity change and the endemic Hawaiian grouper'south spawning seasonality and sex ratio (Hyporthodus queries, f. Epinephelidae). Fishery Bulletin 109:123-134.
  18. ^ a b c Sadovy, Y. and P. L. Colin. 1995. Sexual development and sexuality in the Nassau grouper. Journal of Fish Biological science 46:961-976.
  19. ^ a b Allsop, D. J. and Due south. A. West. 2003. Constant relative age and size at sex activity change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology xvi:921-929.
  20. ^ a b c d e Munoz, R. C. and R. R. Warner. 2003. A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sexual activity change: Incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. American Naturalist 161:749-761.
  21. ^ a b Kuwamura, T. 2004. Sex change in fishes: Its process and evolutionary mechanism. Zoological Science 21:1248-1248.
  22. ^ Erisman, B. E., J. A. Rosales-Cassian and P. A. Hastings. 2008. In that location is evidence of gonochorism in a grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea, from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Ecology Biology of Fishes 82:23-33.
  23. ^ Molloy, P. P., N. B. Goodwin, I. G. Cote, J. D. Reynolds, and M. J. G. Gage. 2007. Sperm contest and sex change: A comparative assay beyond fishes. Evolution 61:640-652.
  24. ^ Cribb, T. H., Bray, R. A., Wright, T. & Pichelin, S. 2002: The trematodes of groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae): knowledge, nature, and evolution. Parasitology, 124, S23-S42.
  25. ^ Justine, J.-L., Beveridge, I., Boxshall, G. A., Bray, R. A., Moravec, F., Trilles, J.-P. & Whittington, I. D. 2010: An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish. Folia Parasitologica, 57, 237-262. doi:ten.14411/fp.2010.032 PDF
  26. ^ "Most consumers prefer to buy alive groupers in fish markets". Retrieved 29 Apr 2011.
  27. ^ Schoelinck, C., Hinsinger, D. D., Dettaï, A., Cruaud, C. & Justine, J.-L. 2014: A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning. PLoS 1, 9, e98198. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.0098198
  28. ^ "Whopper of a grouper bought for RM10,000". Thestar.com.my. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on eight May 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  29. ^ "海底"血案":巨型石斑鱼一口吞下白鳍鲨". Sznews.com. 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved xi September 2010.
  30. ^
  31. ^ "Photos: Fishermen take hold of wildly huge 686-pound fish, sell information technology to hotel".
  32. ^ Heather Alexander, Houston Relate (21 August 2014). "Gulf grouper swallows four human foot shark in a single bite". Houston Chronicle.
  33. ^ Grouper eats 4ft shark in one bite. nineteen August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 Nov 2021 – via YouTube.

External links [edit]

  • ARKive – images and movies of the humpback grouper (Chromileptes altivelis)
  • Media related to Epinephelinae at Wikimedia Commons

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouper